Centrale Rischi (Bank of Italy): how to check your data for free, what it contains, what a sofferenza is

In short: you request your Centrale Rischi data free of charge from the Bank of Italy, through the Servizi online portal with SPID, CIE or CNS, which since 13 April 2026 is the only online channel; the reply normally arrives within 30 days, or you can use a form at a branch. The Centrale Rischi is seen only by you, banks and the authorities: a supplier or a landlord sees the public registers.

What is the Centrale dei Rischi, and what does it contain?

The Centrale dei Rischi (CR) is the Bank of Italy's database on the debts of households and businesses to banks and finance companies: it records loans and guarantees of €30,000 and above, and bad loans (sofferenze) above €250. It contains positive and negative data: it is not a list of bad payers.

According to the Bank of Italy's guide “The Centrale dei Rischi in plain words” (February 2026), intermediaries report the following every month:

• Loans (mortgages, personal loans, credit lines, leasing) when the outstanding amount owed to that intermediary reaches €30,000 (reporting threshold);
• Guarantees, including a surety above the threshold with which you guarantee a family member's mortgage;
• Negative information: persistent defaults (unpaid instalments or overdrafts beyond the granted limit for more than 90 days) and classification as a bad loan (sofferenza), reported already above €250.

The entities required by law to report are banks, finance companies, securitisation companies, buyers of bad loans and Cassa Depositi e Prestiti. A loan that has been closed is no longer reported from the following month, but the CR keeps the history of closed relationships.

Who can consult the Centrale Rischi?

Only four categories: the data subject (person or company), intermediaries to assess the creditworthiness of clients and applicants, other supervisory authorities such as Consob and Ivass, and the judicial authority in criminal proceedings. The data is covered by official secrecy: no supplier, customer or landlord can see it.

Banks also have limits: they see only the last 3 years and do not know the names of the other intermediaries to which you are indebted. What they actually look at is explained in what the bank looks at before granting a loan, a mortgage or a credit line.

How do I access my Centrale Rischi data for free?

Access is free. Since 13 April 2026 the only online channel is the Bank of Italy's Servizi online portal, with SPID, CIE or CNS; the reply normally arrives within 30 days. Alternatively, you can deliver or send the paper form to a Bank of Italy branch, with a copy of an identity document.

1. Log in to the Servizi online portal from the “Citizen services” (Servizi al cittadino) section of bancaditalia.it, with SPID, CIE or CNS; without a digital identity, you can forward the signed request from the portal with a copy of a document.
2. Complete the guided request for yourself or, as legal representative, for your company (the liquidator, srl partners, unlimited-liability partners and statutory auditors may also request them).
3. Download the statement from your personal area, with the reading guide: normally within 30 days, and with SPID also in real time according to the Bank of Italy's guide.
4. Activate the PEC subscription, free and annual, if you are the legal representative of a company registered in the Companies Register: the data arrives every month at the company's certified email (PEC).

What does “sofferenza” mean in the Centrale Rischi?

A sofferenza (bad loan) is the classification that an intermediary assigns to a client it considers insolvent, that is, unable on a definitive basis to repay the debt. It requires an assessment of the overall financial situation: one or more late instalments are not enough, and no judicial finding of insolvency is required.

• the reporting threshold falls from €30,000 to €250;
• the intermediary must communicate the first sofferenza report to you; the consumer is entitled to a prior notice for each first negative information;
• for the Arbitro Bancario Finanziario (Banking and Financial Ombudsman) a single delay is not enough, but the lack of prior notice does not cancel a lawful report: it only gives the right to compensation for proven damage.

Sofferenza in the Centrale Rischi: how is it removed?

A report can be cancelled or amended only if the data is wrong. The party that corrects it is the intermediary that transmitted it: the Bank of Italy does not decide on the merits of your relationship with the bank.

1. Written complaint to the intermediary that reported you: its complaints office must reply within 60 days.
2. Appeal to the Arbitro Bancario Finanziario if it does not reply or does not satisfy you: €20, refunded if the decision is in your favour, and no lawyer is needed.
3. Or a free complaint (esposto) to the Bank of Italy, which asks the intermediary to check the data and correct it if there is an error.

If a sofferenza is correct, it is not deleted on request: it stays in the credit history, but banks consult only the last 3 years. Beware of anyone who promises to “delete you from the Centrale Rischi” for a fee.

What is the difference between the Centrale Rischi, the SICs and the public registers?

The Centrale Rischi is confidential; the SICs (CRIF/EURISC, Experian, CTC) are private files, to which participation is voluntary, governed by the Data Protection Authority's 2019 Code of Conduct; the public registers (protests, Conservatoria, Companies Register) can be consulted by anyone, and they are the only ones a third party sees.

For the SICs, access is the right under art. 15 GDPR, free and with a reply within one month: the SIC-by-SIC route is in how to know if you are flagged as a bad payer.

What does someone checking you see if they are not a bank?

A supplier, a customer, a landlord or a partner does not enter the Centrale Rischi or the SICs: they see the public registers. As of October 2026 you can also see them yourself, right away, with Veryfy: the Verifica report at €19 on your company, and Verifica Persona at €29 on your tax code, with source and date.

• On your company (purpose “My company”, €19): rating (limited companies only), estimated operating credit line compared with the amount you would like to request, signals (net equity below two-thirds of share capital or negative, financial statements more than 18 months old, company less than 12 months old, protests, proceedings), shareholders, directors and beneficial owner. See what banks and suppliers see about your company.
• On you (purpose “Check myself”, €29): protests, the presence (and number, if available) of adverse records, which exist only if you own properties, and insolvency proceedings in your name. Official routes are in protest and adverse-record extract on a person.

The check is declarative: you declare that the tax code or the VAT number is yours. Veryfy does not access CRIF, Experian, CTC or the Centrale dei Rischi: it does not see late instalments, loans or reports, nor whether the company is active, ceased or in liquidation. The full picture is in the hub what they see about you before applying for credit.